全美45位頂尖經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家（包括27位諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者、美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)3位前主席）2019年1月16日在華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)發(fā)表關(guān)于以碳稅應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化的公開信，中文翻譯如下（英語原文附后）：


全球氣候變化是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問題，需要立即采取國家行動(dòng)。以合理的經(jīng)濟(jì)原則為指導(dǎo)，我們共同提出以下政策建議。

一、碳稅提供了最具成本效益的杠桿，以必要的規(guī)模和速度減少碳排放。通過糾正一個(gè)眾所周知的市場(chǎng)失靈，碳稅將發(fā)出強(qiáng)有力的價(jià)格信號(hào)，利用市場(chǎng)的無形之手引導(dǎo)經(jīng)濟(jì)參與者走向低碳未來。

二、碳稅應(yīng)該逐年增加，直到達(dá)到減排目標(biāo)為止；同時(shí)確保碳稅收入的中性，以避免對(duì)政府規(guī)模的爭(zhēng)論。持續(xù)上漲的碳價(jià)將鼓勵(lì)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和大規(guī)模的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施發(fā)展，還將加速低碳商品和服務(wù)的傳播。

三、足夠穩(wěn)定且逐步增加的碳稅將取代各種效率較低的碳法規(guī)。用價(jià)格信號(hào)代替繁瑣的法規(guī)將促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，并為企業(yè)長期投資清潔能源技術(shù)提供所需的監(jiān)管確定性。

四、為防止碳泄漏并保護(hù)美國的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，應(yīng)建立基于邊境的碳補(bǔ)償系統(tǒng)。這一系統(tǒng)將確保高能效的美國公司在全球的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，并激勵(lì)其他國家采用類似的碳定價(jià)。

五、為了最大限度地提高碳稅上漲的公平性和政治可行性，所有碳稅收入都應(yīng)通過平等的一次性回扣直接返還給美國公民。大多數(shù)美國家庭，包括最脆弱的家庭都將獲益，所獲得的“碳紅利”將超過能源價(jià)格的提高。

公開信英文全文：

Global climate change is a serious problem calling for immediate national action. Guided by sound economic principles, we are united in the following policy recommendations.

I. A carbon tax offers the most cost-effective lever to reduce carbon emissions at the scale and speed that is necessary. By correcting a well-known market failure, a carbon tax will send a powerful price signal that harnesses the invisible hand of the marketplace to steer economic actors towards a low-carbon future.

II. A carbon tax should increase every year until emissions reductions goals are met and be revenue neutral to avoid debates over the size of government. A consistently rising carbon price will encourage technological innovation and large-scale infrastructure development. It will also accelerate the diffusion of carbon-efficient goods and services.

III. A sufficiently robust and gradually rising carbon tax will replace the need for various carbon regulations that are less efficient. Substituting a price signal for cumbersome regulations will promote economic growth and provide the regulatory certainty companies need for long-term investment in clean-energy alternatives.

IV. To prevent carbon leakage and to protect U.S. competitiveness, a border carbon adjustment system should be established. This system would enhance the competitiveness of American firms that are more energy-efficient than their global competitors. It would also create an incentive for other nations to adopt similar carbon pricing.

V. To maximize the fairness and political viability of a rising carbon tax, all the revenue should be returned directly to U.S. citizens through equal lump-sum rebates. The majority of American families, including the most vulnerable, will benefit financially by receiving more in “carbon dividends” than they pay in increased energy prices.

George Akerlof, Robert Aumann, Angus Deaton, Peter Diamond, Robert Engle, Eugene Fama, Lars Peter Hansen, Oliver Hart, Bengt Holmstr?m, Daniel Kahneman, Finn Kydland, Robert Lucas, Eric Maskin, Daniel McFadden, Robert Merton, Roger Myerson, Edmund Phelps, Alvin Roth, Thomas Sargent, Myron Scholes, Amartya Sen, William Sharpe, Robert Shiller, Christopher Sims, Robert Solow, Michael Spence and Richard Thaler are recipients of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

Paul Volcker is a former Federal Reserve chairman.

Martin Baily, Michael Boskin, Martin Feldstein, Jason Furman, Austan Goolsbee, Glenn Hubbard, Alan Krueger, Edward Lazear, N. Gregory Mankiw, Christina Romer, Harvey Rosen and Laura Tyson are former chairmen of the president’s Council of Economic Advisers.

Ben Bernanke, Alan Greenspan and Janet Yellen have chaired both the Fed and the Council of Economic Advisers.

George Shultz and Lawrence Summers are former Treasury secretaries.
More information is available at www.clcouncil.org